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Bio-printing is the art and science of Crafting Human Organs by 3D Printing technology. The innovations in bio-fabrications have made it possible to take a print of human organs with 3D bio-printer technology. In short, Bio-printing is the method of printing human tissues and organs for re-creation.

It is a unique area of research and engineering that employs printing devices that use biological materials as ink. Scientists hope the technology could be used to craft replacement organs or even complete organisms from raw biological resources

Based on the method of additive engineering, the 3 D technology of printer entails measured and slow adding up of materials from the printer that ultimately matures into an object. The engineer defines the design of the object and then transmits a copy of the 3D design to the printer. The printer processes the various layers generating a real physical object. The additive manufacturing technology is useful in saving manufacturing costs, need for excessive staff. But, the high price of this technology is a limitation for most of the companies like Honeywell, Boeing, and General Electric use this technology in 3D printers to manufacture metal, ceramics, glass, and numerous other elements of the manufacturing process.

Who invented bio-printing?

In 2002, Professor Makoto Nakamura noticed that in a standard Inkjet printer the drops of ink are nearly of the same dimension as that of the cells of a human body. He adapted this technology in developing a bio-printer in 2008. This bio-printer was able to print bio-tubing akin to a blood vessel.

An American company Organovo was the first to invent the human tissue bio printer. The company has worked with another company called Invetech to develop a commercial bio-printer.

Stories of success

The Novo Gen MMX bio-printer has bio-ink spheroids comprised of thousands of human cells. The Novo Gen first sets a single layer of a water-based bio-paper created from hydro-gels, collagen or gelatine. The spheroids of this bio-ink are now shot in this water-based bio-paper. Further, more layers get added to create the object. The bio-ink spheroids gradually mingle with each other and the bio-paper dissolves leaving an output of body part or tissue in the form of a bio-print.

Organovo was successful in creating the blood vessels by bio-printing in Dec, 2010.

The company was successful in grafting nerves into rats by bio-printing and hopes to start bio-printing of human tissues by the year 2015.

The Organovo anticipates that its first commercial bio-printers will be put to use to produce simple human tissues for toxicology testing to enable researchers to test drugs on bio-printed liver or other human organs.

The bio printers manufactured by Organovo are able to print any human tissue that may be beneficial in medical research or regenerative therapies. For the medical research industry, it would now be possible to print out any human tissue for use in research work.

The bio-ink made of live human cells in the bio-printers crafts human tissue using the process of additive manufacturing. But, its success depends on the successful mixing of the bio-ink fillings.

Encouraged by the research results of Organovo, Several scientific organizations are in a move to create bio-printers to generate various human tissues.

Scientists of the Wake Forest University in teamwork with the Institute of Regenerative Medicine of Armed Forces have created a 3D skin printer for healing of wounds and creating kidney cells. The same process was replicated by the scientists of Cornell University.

But, commercial development of bio-printers may take time till fine-tuning and speed gets in these bio-ink printers.

The first bio printers marked a deposition of bio-ink drops as tiny as 100 micro-litres at the rate of tens of thousands per second. More recent bio printers can extrude individual cells from a micro-pipette at a lower speed.

Gabor Forgacs , a biophysicist ,University of Missouri , Columbia has developed a bio-printer which blends together bio ink and bio paper to print complex 3D structures, although not at cellular resolution.

This printer Operates at 10,000 dots per second (10 kHz), a 100 politer printer can generate 60 micro-litres of tissue per minute, or 86 millilitres each day, a quantity of tissue that could almost fill a normal test tube.

The weakness of the 100 pico-liter printer is its low resolution. Almost all organic tissues require accurate cell-level organization for proper operation.

Gabor Forgacs were able to generate working, live tissue with the micro pipette management and single-cell resolution, which worked like the organ they were extracted from.

They used the bio-printer to accumulate cells of chicken heart onto a dish, the cells started to beat at the same time. With a high-definition diagram of the network of cells networks in a human heart, there is every hope that in future an advanced bio-printer may print a full human functional organ.

A team of researchers headed by Jeremy Mao at Columbia University Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Lab is working on the use of bio-printing technology in bone and dental restoration.

They have successfully implanted a bio-printed 3-D scaffold in the jawbone of a rat by using small, interlocking micro canals made of stem cell substances.

Just nine weeks after implantation growth of fresh periodontal ligaments and newly formed alveo was seen.

There are different sets of configurations which can exist for Bio-printers.

But, almost all bio-printers produce cells from a bio-print head that shifts up and down, left and right, or back and forth to position the cells precisely and accurately where needed.

With the result countless layers of thin tissues accumulate to produce an organic object within a period of counted hours. Most of the bio-printers produce a soluble gel to upkeep and secure cells in the process of printing.

The manufacturing revolution of 3D DDM technology is in its developmental stage. The main challenge of printing live and functional human organs is still to reach as the human tissues printed out so far had little relevance in the medical research.

A Research journal, Bio-fabrication has revealed that the Scientists at Heriot-Watt University are busy in research and production of advanced bio-printers to print functional human organs

Will Shu and his team have created a more efficient bio-printer in collaboration with Roslin Cellab which can print live tissues and focuses on stem cell tissues.

The newly created printer comes with adjustable valves for controlling and regulating the release of bio-ink cells.

Roslin Cellab is planning to produce this bio-printer commercially.

It is a positive development in human cell tissue production research.

This printer can organize bio-ink cells in tiny spheres and the cells used are alive even after the creation of the human tissue. It will be useful in transplantation of human tissue and further research thereof.

This Will Shu printer prints out accurate human tissue for testing in vitro-drugs and toxicity in newly released drugs. This is a revolutionary milestone in the science of bio fabrication. This bio-printer can save the costs involved in processing of bio-ink. Its feature to produce stem cells is a positive development for transplantation of organs.

The leading researchers in the University of Iowa are working to improve the bio-printing technology. A multidisciplinary group has been formed for producing functional human tissue in the next 10 years. A bio-printer has been created and researchers are busy in creating a functional bio-ink. This will enable Doctors to scan wounds and heal patients within no time by spraying on layers of cells.

This medical revolution will permit human organs to be bio-printed in a lab from the cells of a patient itself. The research is going on for direct printing of cells onto or into the human body.
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